Thank you very much @mon and @waakye for sharing your experience!
A couple of hours ago I received my order and immediately soldered the Q7260 mosfet back in place. After that, all the required voltages are in order, including PP3V3_G3H. The Mac is now working fine. Yay!

It turns out that when the U7201 does not register the correct output voltage on its 5v channel (it was not there because there was no mosfet), it turns off its 3v3 channel as well.
This was not obvious to me, since...
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